On April 26, 2000, crowds marched
in downtown Minsk to mark the anniversary of the disaster.
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The Chernobyl nuclear disaster
continues to threaten the survival of the Belarusian people, says Vasily Nesterenko,
former director of the Nuclear Energy Institute of the National Academy of Sciences
of Belarus and currently head of the independent Institute of Radiation Safety (Belrad)
You maintain that the
effects of the Chernobyl disaster have been played down not just by your own country’s
leaders but also by international organizations...
The UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation
(UNSCEAR) relies on the figures of the International Atomic
Energy Agency (IAEA), which represents the nuclear lobby. In
evaluating the disaster, the IAEA has compared Chernobyl to Hiroshima and
Nagasaki. But in Japan, the thermo-nuclear reactions took place entirely in the air
and the soil was not contaminated. After the Chernobyl fire, neighbouring countries
were bombarded by hundreds of tonnes of radionuclides (or particles). The soil of
Belarus alone absorbed two-thirds of the fall-out and some of the nuclides, such
as caesium-137, stay radioactive for more than 30 years. Food accounts for 80 per
cent of the long-term contamination of the population. Since the disaster, my institute
has been systematically monitoring children with special spectrometers. My colleague,
Prof. Yuri Bandazhevsky, was the first to link the accumulation of radioactivity
in people’s bodies to their illnesses. The contamination has caused many diseases
not recognized by international organizations.
What are these ailments?
After doing thousands of autopsies, Bandazhevsky and his team showed that caesium-137
had accumulated in muscle tissue, beginning with the heart. Two-thirds of the 2,000
children monitored in the highly-contaminated area of Gomel have heart problems.
The concentration of caesium in the kidneys has also caused serious malfunctions
from an early age. Caesium in the eye muscles leads to cataracts. For example, a
1997 study in Svetlovisy, near Gomel, found that a quarter of children between 13
and 15 had cataracts.
During pregnancy, the placenta in mothers-to-be stores caesium which irradiates the
foetus and after the birth, the mother breastfeeds the baby with contaminated milk.
This leads to several diseases, such as “Chernobyl AIDS,” which is an immunity disorder.
The radioactive particles also combine with lead (which was used in 1986 to put out
the fire and was then absorbed into the ground) to cause mental retardation and stomach
ailments. We are heading towards a national disaster.
What does your country need most?
Two million people, a quarter of them children, are living in contaminated areas.
We have to set up mobile units to monitor these people and what they eat. My institute
doesn’t have many resources, so can only do very little monitoring. It’s also threatened
with closure because the government doesn’t want the “disturbing” news to spread.
The contaminated children need to be sent for a month’s stay in clean areas at least
twice a year and be given pectin-based pills, which are effective, very cheap and
made in Ukraine, though not here. We have to set up centres for young mothers in
areas where they can eat uncontaminated food while pregnant and breast-feeding.
Why hasn’t your government raised the alarm about all this?
Belarus is facing alone a disaster it’s not responsible for. Neither Russia nor
Ukraine, where Chernobyl is located, has helped us. Our national budget only allows
a small amount of money to be spent on the victims and our government officials believe
they know best. But they haven’t properly evaluated the situation. They’ve lied to
tens of thousands of Russians who have come from “hot spots” or crisis areas in the
former Soviet Union to live in the contaminated region.1 They’re still lying to their own people.
They have a head-in-the-sand attitude. Only massive international aid and strong
logistical support by the government will ensure the survival of my people in the
long run.
1 After the collapse of the Soviet
Union, 25 million Russians found themselves living outside the new borders of Russia,
mainly in Central Asia and the Caucasus where there was and still is war. The Belarusian
government encouraged them to settle in the contaminated areas by giving them housing,
jobs and resident status.
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