You are in the MOST Phase I website (1994-2003). The MOST Phase II website is available at: www.unesco.org/shs/most.

Drug production and drug dealing have today become a substantial source of revenue, whether for making up budget deficits or for the enrichment of certain individuals, population groups, firms or even whole countries. Drugs also involve economically marginalized sectors of the population, such as peasant producers or some small-scale drug dealers, criminal organizations or certain closely-knit sectors of society in the world of business or State institutions. In sum, the recycling of profits is central to the economy and society in terms of land, real estate and financial assets in that it directly involves businesses and financial institutions. The social transformations stemming from the development of the drug economy reveal a growth in the sectors of illegal activity and their interpenetration with the official sectors of society. They involve the law and the norms and elementary rules of economic and social organization, and they seem to be causing a far-reaching shift in the pattern of development of our societies. The in-depth study of these transformations therefore has essential future implications for decision-makers and for the definition of appropriate public management tools in the short, medium and long term. These issues, which now concern all parts of the world, take different shape from one region and location to another. Considerable variations exist with respect to both production and distribution of drugs. Hence it appears necessary to build up more case-studies which concentrate on specific national and local features, so as to compare the sectors and sections of the population most affected in different societies. UNESCO-MOST Research Network It is in this context that UNESCO’s Management of Social Transformations (MOST) Programme (whose Scientific Steering Committee is presided by Dr. Yoginder K. Alagh from India) launched this research project involving sociologists, anthropologists, political scientists, criminologists and other specialists drawn from universities and research institutions from several countries including India, China, Brazil, Mexico, and Europe. UNDCP-Vienna has been a partner in this project since April 1998. The first symposium was held in Paris in April 1997 where the methodology for the research was drawn up. The second symposium was held in Rio de Janeiro in October 1998, and was hosted by the State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ). Studies presented in this symposium are being reviewed and published by UNESCO; they are also available on the Website of the UNESCO. This facility enables the network partners and others to interact on-line (www.unesco.org/most/drugs.htm). The Key Theme In each of the participating country, the researchers are examining macro and mezo social transformations that have occurred within a set time frame (which varies from country to country) and their linkages to drug trafficking, money laundering and abuse. As a result of the Second Annual Conference held in Rio de Janeiro, a first evaluation of the network production showed that the research development improved since the launching of the project. It was proposed that different teams work on common questions that do not resume all the work to be developed by the researchers; they are just basic common issues to be tackled by all network members. The network decided that national teams should develop the following topics: The assessment of money-laundering (the various economic activities touched by the traffic, their proportion in terms of GDP, and their channels), the social profile of drug-traffickers, their investment strategies and indicators to evaluate the local economic impact of drug-trafficking in the shorter and longer run (real-estate, agriculture, financial market, increase of luxury goods consumption, etc.); the turn-over of drug-trafficking and organized crime, and the institutional impact of corruption and violence; The historical and socio-cultural factors of drug trafficking, and its impact on traditional drugs use (particularly because the quick suppression of traditional drug use may give rise to increasing consumption of hard drugs like heroin). Actual social and economic impact of drug trafficking: what are the social transformations that would not have occurred if drug trafficking did not exist? What is the importance of drug trafficking in the country’s social transformations? One methodological issue to be made explicit by researchers is the source of data presented. The data source should be explicit in all reports under preparation and/or revision. On the second dimension, it was recognized that there is a lack of qualitative data in some countries participating in this research effort. Network members should reinforce their strategies for fieldwork, with an emphasis to qualitative data. The Third Annual Conference The Third Annual Conference of the Project was held at New Delhi, and hosted by the Jawaharlal Nehru University. It took place from 1 to 5 November 1999. The National Addiction Research Center (NARC) based at Mumbai was entrusted the task of initial preparation of the workshop. The Indian network Several higher education institutions and research centers are part of the Indian network. In 1997, the Indian network consisted only of two institutions : The Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS) and the National Addiction Research Center (NARC), with TISS taking the network co-ordinational role. For 1998-99, NARC was entrusted with the coordination responsibility. It is true that India has witnessed massive drug-related social transformations in different parts of the country. To attempt to capture all of them and to study their linkages both as dependent and independent variables in one year is not possible. This requires a research programme on a sustained basis with much larger financial support than is currently available. Hence at this stage, we have set limited objectives for the current year; based on the findings, we would expand the scope as well as the members in the network. The themes chosen for research capturing the linkages of major policy and social changes in the country are money laundering and drug trafficking. The network is composed of the following members : Mr. Gabriel Britto, Sociologist, Researcher, NARC, Mumbai : "Development dynamics and drug trafficking in Manipur" Mr. D. R. Singh, Lawyer, Researcher, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai : « Criminal networks in Mumbai » Dr R.C. Datta, Tata Institute of Social Sciences : « Casualization of labour since the Mid seventies in Bombay and its linkages to crime» Ms Molly Charles, Dr. K.S. Nair, A.A. Das and Dr. Uday B. Mehta, « The Underworld in Bombay : a descriptive account with their linkages to drug trafficking » Dr. Mehraj-Ud-Din : «  The Kashmir problem and proliferation of small arms and drug trafficking in Kashmir » Dr. Mrs Suresh Kumar : « Sri Lankan Tamil Problem and its impact on the dynamics of drug abuse in Tamilnadu » Prof. U. Pancras : « Money laundering and its control in India : a legal appraisal » Dr M.C. Paul : « Drug trafficking in Delhi » Dr. Edwin Masihi : « Changing Political Culture and Drug trafficking in Gujarat » Agenda Monday 1 November 1999 – PUBLIC SESSION Auditorium Hall, School of Social Sciences-I, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Campus, New Delhi-110 067 8:30 - 9:30 - Reception of participant and inscriptions Session I – Inauguration ceremony 9:30 - 10:00 – Mr. Yoginder Alagh, President of the MOST Scientific Steering Committee Mr. Asis Datta, Vice-Chancellor, JNU Mrs. Renate Ehmer, UNDCP Representative Mr. Moegiadi, UNESCO Representative Mr. Michel Schiray, economist, scientific coordinator of the project Coffee Break from 10:15 to 10:30 Session II – The case of India (10:30 - 12 :00) Chairperson : Mrs. Melissa Tullis, UNDCP Vienna - Gabriel Britto : "Development dynamics and drug trafficking in Manipur" - Madan C. Paul : « Drug trafficking in Delhi » - Rajiv Wagh : « Laws for the control of money-laundering in India » - Prof. U. Pancras : « Money laundering and its control in India : a legal appraisal » - Comments by Guilhem Fabre, socio-economist, Univ. Le Havre (France), followed by debate Lunch break from 12 :00 to 14 :00 Session III – The case of Latin America (14:00 – 16:00) Chairperson: Carlos S. Milani, UNESCO Paris - Lia Machado : « Drugs, financial flows and Amazonia » - Alba Zaluar : « Drugs and Violence in Rio de Janeiro » - Guaracy Mingardi : « Drugs and Crime in Sao Paulo » - Luis Astorga : « Historical Factors in Drug Development in Mexico » - Comments by Christian Geffray, anthropologist, IRD, France, followed by debate Coffee Break from 16:00 to 16:15 Session IV – A Focus on Asia (16:15 – 17:00) Chairperson: Dr. Asis Datta, Vice-Chancellor, JNU - Mr. Jing Yuejin, « Drugs and Social Transformations in China » - Mr. Abul Faizi : « Geopolitics of Drugs in Pakistan » - Mrs. Nualnoi Treerat : « Drugs and Social Transformations in Thailand » - Comments by Michel Schiray, economist, EHESS, France Final discussion and closure. For the close debates from 2 to 5 November, we will have 8 sessions respectively on India, Brazil, Mexico, China, Research-Policy Linkages and Future Perspectives. They are not open for public participation, but special invited guests are welcome (upon previous agreement). Each session is chaired by a network member who works as a facilitator of the debates and exchange.     Tuesday 2 November 1999 Conference Room of Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067 Introduction : The MOST/UNDCP Project on Economic and Social Transformations connected with the International Drug Problem (8:30 - 9:00) -Carlos S. Milani, Project Officer UNESCO, brief update of activities since October 1998. Presentation of objectives of sessions and participants. Approval of the draft agenda. Session I - India : drugs, crime and development (9:00 – 11:00) Chairperson : Ms Melissa Tullis, UNDCP - Vienna - Ms Molly Charles, Dr. K.S. Nair, A.A. Das and Dr. Uday B. Mehta, « The Underworld in Bombay : a descriptive account with their linkages to drug trafficking » -Mr. D. R. Singh, Lawyer, Researcher, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai : « Criminal networks in Mumbai » Debate on the presentations. Coffee Break from 11:00 to 11:15 Session II - India : drug-trafficking I (11:15 – 12:30) Chairperson : Mr Guilhem Fabre, France Dr. Mehraj-Ud-Din : «  The Kashmir problem and proliferation of small arms and drug trafficking in Kashmir » Dr M.C. Paul : « Drug trafficking in Delhi » Debate on the presentations. Lunch Break from 12:30 to 14:00 Session III - India : drug-trafficking II (14:00 – 16:00) Chairperson : Mrs Alba Zaluar, Brazil Dr. Edwin Masihi : « Changing Political Culture and Drug trafficking in Gujarat » Dr. Mrs Suresh Kumar : « Sri Lankan Tamil Problem and its impact on the dynamics of drug abuse in Tamilnadu » Debate on the presentations. Coffee Break from 16:00 to 16:15 Field visit at 17:00 : project site A.   Wednesday 3 November 1999 Session IV - India : drugs and money-laundering (9:00 – 11:00) Chairperson : Mr Christian Geffray, France Prof. U. Pancras : « Money laundering and its control in India : a legal appraisal » Rajiv Wagh : « Laws for the control of money-laundering in India, their failure, proposed new bill and its potential : a legal appraisal » Debate on the presentations. Coffee Break from 11:00 to 11:15 Session V –Brazil : recent research development on drug-trafficking and drug-abuse (11:15 – 17:00) Chairperson : Mr. Madan Paul, JNU (India) -Mrs. Alba Zaluar (Rio de Janeiro) -Guaracy Mingardi (São Paulo) -Michel Schiray (Rio de Janeiro) Debate on the presentations Lunch Break from 12:30 to 14:00 Session V (continutation, 14:00-17:00) -Regine Schonenberg (Amazonia) -Roberto Araujo (Amazonia) Coffee break from 16:00 to 16:15 -Lia Machado (Amazonia) -Comments by Christian Geffray Debate on the presentations Field visit at 17:30 : project site B.   Thursday 4 November 1999 Session VI – Mexico and China : drugs, money-laundering and history (9:30 – 12:30) Chairperson : Mr Laurent Laniel, France -Mr. Luis Astorga -Mrs. Maria Elena Martinez Camacho -Mr. Jing Yuejin Coffee Break from 11:00 to 11:15 Session VI (cont.) Debate on the presentations. Lunch Break from 12:30 to 14:00 Session VII – Preliminary Conclusions: presentation of a first outline of final report and book (14:00 – 17:30) Chairperson : Mr. Carlos S. Milani, UNESCO -Mr. Michel Schiray, Mr. Guilhem Fabre and Christian Geffray -Items to be discussed : the report and special issues in journals (ISSJ, for example, in October 1999) Coffee Break from 16:00 to 16:15 Session VII (cont.) Debate on the presentations   Friday 5 November 1999 Session VII (continuation, 9:30 – 12:30) Debate on the presentations (cont.) Coffee Break from 11:0 to 11:15 -Methodology, Comparativeness and Timetable -Conclusions Lunch Break from 12:30 to 14:00 Session VIII –Research and Policy Linkages in the field of Drugs (14:00 – 15:30) Chairpersons : Mrs Melissa Tullis, UNDCP -Laurent Laniel : « The Relationship between Research and Drug Policy in the USA » -Carlos S. Milani, « MOST Project Future Perspectives : Knowledge-Use Case-Studies and UNESCO Chairs » Debate and Final Conclusions Informal Closing Ceremony at 16:00 List of participants India : Mr. Gabriel Britto, Sociologist, Researcher, NARC, Floor Five, Bhardawadi Road, Andheri West, Mumbai - 400 058, telephone 624 5290 / 6249388, fax 8500313 /8214751 /620 1700, E-mail marc@shakti.ncst.ernet.in. Presentation on "Development dynamics and drug trafficking in Manipur". Mr. D. R. Singh, Lawyer, Researcher, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Deonar Mumbai-400088, India, telephone 91-22-5576194 / 99-22-5563290, Fax 91-22-5562912, Email Anupnet@giasbma.vsnlinet.in Dr R.C. Datta, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Casualization of labour since the Mid seventies in Bombay and its linkages to crime in Bombay Ms Molly Charles, Dr. K.S. Nair, A.A. Das and Dr. Uday B. Mehta, The Underworld in Bombay : a descroptive account with their linkages to drug trafficking. Dr. Mehraj-Ud-Din, The Kashmir problem and proliferation of small arms and drug trafficking in Kashmir. Dr. Mrs Suresh Kumar, Sri Lankan Tamil Problem and its impact on the dynamics of drug abuse in Tamilnadu. Prof. U. Pancras, Money laundering and its control in India : a legal appraisal. Dr M.C. Paul, Drug trafficking in Delhi. Dr. Edwin Masihi , Changing Political culture and Drug trafficking in Gujarat.   Pakistan : Mr. Abul Faizi, Chairman, Department of Psychiatry, The Aga Khan University, PO Box 3500, Stadium Road, Karachi-74800, Pakistan, Fax 92-21-494-4294, The Cold War and heroin problem in Pakistan Mr. Muhammed Fateh, Department of Sociology, University of Karachi, phone 92-21-632 7528, fax 92-21-496 9277.   Brazil : Mrs. Alba Zaluar, Sociologist, Professor and Researcher, Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, UERJ, Rua São Clemente 398, Apto. 108, Rio de Janeiro 22 250-000 Brazil, telephone (55-21) 527 90 88 / 587 73 03, fax (55-21) 264 01 42/ 527 90 88, E-mail Alba@uerj.br Mr. Guaracy Mingardi, Sociologist, Researcher, ILANUD, Rua do Anfiteatro 181, Favo 11 - Cidade Universitaria, Sao Paulo-SP, Brazil, telephone (5511) 818 33 02/ 818 33 03, fax (5511) 818 3158, E-mail gmingardi@yahoo.com.br or ILANUD@vol.com.br Mrs. Lia Machado, Geographer, Professor and Researcher, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rua João Zaneti 31/202, 22621-030 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, telephone 5521 493 60 92 / 270 77 73, fax 5521 598 32 80, E-mail Liamach@igeo.ufrj.br Mr. Roberto Araújo, Sociologist, Researcher, Travessa São Pedro 638 Apt. 1106, 66023-570 Belém-PA, Brazil, telephone (091) 241-65-28, fax (091) 246-60-68/ 246-18-20, E-mail: Raos@amazon.com.br   France: Mr. Christian Geffray, Anthropologist, Researcher, ORSTOM, 2 rue du Canal, 95490 Vauréal, telephone/fax 01 30 38 50 02, E-mail christian.geffray@hol.fr Mr. Guilhem Fabre, Socio-Economist, Researcher, 129 Bd. Voltaire, 75011 Paris, telephone 01 43 67 20 16, fax 01 40 15 72 30, E-mail guilhemfabre@wanadoo.fr Mr. Laurent Laniel, Sociologist, Researcher, Observatoire Geopolitique de Drogues, OGD, 14, Passage Duboil, 75010 PARIS, telephone 01 40 36 63 81, fax 01 40 38 11 65, E-mail OGD@compuserve.com or ogd@ogd.org Mr. Michel Schiray, Economist, Research Director, EHESS, 54 Bld. Raspail, 75006 Paris, telephone 01 4954 2185, fax 014548 8353, E-mail schiray@msh-paris.fr or schiray@ims.uerj.br or schiray@openlink.com.br   Mexico: Mr. Luis Astorga, Sociologist, Researcher, Institute of Social Research, Universidad Autónoma do México (IIS-UNAM), Vizcaya 8-302, Colonia Insurgentes-Extremadura, Mexico D.F., C.P. 03740, telephone 598 41 70, E-mail astorga@servidor.UNAM.mx Mrs. Maria Elena Martinez Camacho, Director, General Prossecutor’s Office of the Republic, Mexico City, Mexico, fax : 525 728 8203.   China : -Jing Yuejin, Associate Professor, Renmin University, Department of International Politics, China, 0086 10 62318752 (to be confirmed)   Germany: Mrs. Régine Schönenberg, Environmentalist, Professor and Researcher, Schinkestr. 8/9, 12047 Berlin, telephone (49 - 172)302 61 45, fax (49 30) 693 2717, E-mail Regschoen@aol.com   Thailand: Dr. Nualnoi Treerat, economist, specialiazed in drug trafficking in Thailand, The Political Economy Centre, University of Chulalongkorn, Bangkok, E-mail: tnualnoi@chula.ac.th   UNDCP Secretariat : Ms. Melissa Tulis, Economist, Research Section, UNDCP, Vienna, E-mail: melissa.tullis@undcp   UNESCO Secretariat : Dr. Carlos R. S. Milani, Socio-economist, Division of Social Science, Research and Policy (MOST Programme, UNESCO) Mrs. Dominique Harger, Senior Secretary, Division of Social Science, Research and Policy (MOST Programme, UNESCO)

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