The rationale behind celebrating World Science Day each year is rooted in the need for a new social contract for science, one which acknowledges the importance of the role science and scientists play in creating sustainable societies and which ensures that citizens are kept informed of developments in science and empowered to participate in science. In this sense, World Science Day helps to show the general public why science is relevant to their daily lives and engage them in debate on related issues.

Since its inception, World Science Day has also generated concrete projects and built bridges between science and society. Partners such as UNESCO's National Commissions, intergovernmental and non-governmental organisations, scientific research institutions, professional associations, the media, science teachers and schools have been involved in celebrating World Science Day each year, thereby contributing to its success. At governmental level, several ministries have announced a fresh commitment to raising spending on science; others have used the Day to launch a new science policy programme involving scientific institutions, civil society, universities and schools.