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What is space sciences? Generally, they encompass:

• Astronomy and astrophysics, different space objects, background that is necessary for space exploration;
• Aeronautics and space technology which provide the means and engineering skills for launching rockets, satellites and other spacecrafts into space;
• Space biology and chemistry which deal with a range of subjects from the composition of explored space objects over human survival conditions in hostile, cosmic environment to the possibilities of sustainable existence of life outside Earth.

These and other sciences ensure the accumulation of scientific knowledge which will allow the future generations to push even further the frontier of human understanding of space and mankind's place in it.

Space and aeronautic engineering

The 20th century has seen an unprecedented progress in areas of science and technology. In 1957 the former Soviet Union launched the first artificial satellite in Earth's orbit and thus marked the beginning of the whole new era, that of the Man's conquest of space. Space sciences played the crucial role for space exploration.

In order to accomplish complex endeavours such as sending crafts to outer space and exploring these regions, mankind has first to master the law of physics, which enable an object to overcome Earth's gravity; to construct materials resistant to heat, cold and radiation from cosmos in which living beings or sensitive technology would be safe; and to develop means of communication on big distances for retrieving information and better manoeuvring of those crafts. All these topics are treated by space engineering and aeronautics. For each space mission, a legion of scientists and engineers all over the world plan for years ahead and collaborate closely on all levels in order to ensure the success of such mission.

Space technology applications

Protection and management of the Earth's natural resource base requires accurate, timely and globally available information about the state of these resources and their changes over time. Over the last few decades, remote sensing satellites have played an increasingly important role in contributing to that information, in providing data on many of the Earth's features: topography, soil type, near-surface geology, vegetation, surface water, shoreline resources, oceans (surface temperature, ocean colour and others), atmospheric temperatures and cloud cover, pollutants etc. As such, the technology derived from space sciences is applied to various purposes, from studying and understanding the geological processes and ground deformation to mitigate the effects of natural hazards; tracking land use changes for agriculture, biodiversity, ecosystem applications; providing the scientific basis for improved water and coastal management; and monitoring natural and cultural sites for preservation of one's heritage.

Read More

• ESA website
• International Astronautical Federation website