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Because of the range of materials covered by this guide, it may be useful to define some of the terms used in the texts accompanying the lists of standards. Further information can be found in the following glossaries:
A glossary of InterNet terms by InterNet Literacy Consultants (TM): http://www.matisse.net/
A glossary of computer oriented abbreviations and acronyms called BABEL by Irving Kind: http://www.access.digex.net/
A glossary for NCSA Mosaic and the WWW World Wide Web users: http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/Software/Mosaic/Glossary/GlossaryDL.html.
A multi-lingual glossary for sound and moving image terms is under preparation by IASA for UNESCO and will be published shortly.
Acid free paper
Paper which is pH neutral or slightly alkaline (pH7 or above)
at the time of production but not necessarily having an alkaline
buffer or reserve.
AES
Audio Engineering Society
Amino-acid
Organic acid derived from ammonia; part of the constituent of
protein
ANSI
American National Standards Institute
ASCII
American Standard Code for Information Interchange. A seven-bit
standard code used to facilitate the interchange of data among
various types of data processing and data communication equipment.
Authentication
a process for verifying the correctness of a piece of data.
Base
the support for a carrier. Examples include the clear film that
holds a film or magnetic tape emulsion, the aluminium plate that
is coated with lacquer to make an instantaneous disc.
Bibliographic description
a set of formalised data elements describing a publication.
Bibliographic record
a discrete bibliographic description stored either manually or
electronically.
Bitstream
a sequence of bits transmitted across an electronic link. The
software controlling the link is unaware of any structure inherent
in the bitstream data.
BSI
British Standards Institute
Carrier
the physical package (ie the disc, film, paper etc) in or
on which information is fixed or recorded. Examples include: a
magnetic tape; a telephone cable; a sheet of paper.
CD-ROM
Compact Disc Read Only Memory.
Cellulose
The main structural material of plants, the fibres of which are
used for textiles, paper and synthetic resins.
CIP
Cataloguing-In-Publication records, created using information
supplied pre-publication by the publisher.
Collagen
Proteineous substance yielding gelatine
Confidentiality
the quality of protection against unauthorised accessed to private
or secret information.
Conservation
active intervention by specialists to inhibit further deterioration
of an object and to stabilise it in its present condition.
CPA
Commission on Preservation and Access (US based Commission
- see also ECPA)
Corruption
a change in data such that the data content received is not what
was originally sent.
Database (DB)
a computer Program for entering, storing and retrieving items
of information in a structured fashion.
Dataflowa
transfer of data between a sender and a recipient.
Deposit of publications
a system in operation in many countries, usually legally enforced,
whereby publishers must deposit one or more copies of every publication
with nominated libraries. Often referred to as Legal Deposit.
Dial-in service
a method of obtaining access to the services provided by a computer
by establishing a connection over the telephone system.
Document
1. The combination of a medium and the information recorded on
or in it which may be used as evidence or for consultation
2. A single record or item. Examples include: a sheet of paper
with writing; an E-Mail message; a film with images; a magnetic
tape with a sound recording.
DTD
Document Type Definition.
Dublin Core
a metadata format being discussed internationally to define a
minimal information resource description for use in a WWW environment.
The term "Dublin" is used as Dublin, Ohio is the location
of OCLC's headquarters.
ECPA
European Commission on Preservation and Access (see also
CPA)
EDI
Electronic Data Interchange. The exchange of structured data messages
to enable automated transactions between application systems.
EDIFACT
EDI For Administrations, Commerce and Transport. The international
EDI standard messaging syntax under the responsibility of the
UN, for trading transactions in all industries. Also known as
UN-EDIFACT.
ejournal
see electronic journal.
Electronic journal
similar to a traditional journal but published only in electronic
form - on a CD-ROM or the World Wide Web.
Electronic mail
a means for an originator of information to distribute information
to an unlimited number of recipients via a value added network
service which mimics the functions of the paper postal services.
Electronic publisher
see publisher.
Electronic publication
document, file, journal, etc. made available in electronic form.
email
see Electronic mail.
E-serial
similar to a traditional serial but published only in electronic
form - on a CD-ROM or the World Wide Web.
FIAF
Fédération Internationale des Archives du Film
FIAT
Fédération International des Archives de Télévision
File transfer
a means of providing access to files on a remote IT system without
requiring detailed knowledge of the structure and characteristics
of the remote system.
Floppy disk
a type of computer storage medium, capable of storing up to 2
MB of data. Most commonly available in 3.5 inch size.
Format
1. in its widest sense, a particular physical presentation of
an item. Examples include: a standard layout of memorandum in
an office; the arrangement of data in a computer application;
the general pattern of a television recording (VHS, BetaCam etc);
the aspect ratio of a moving image production.
2. in the context of bibliographic control, the formalised structure in which the specific elements of bibliographic description are accommodated.
Frame relay
a data service similar to X.25, but providing higher speeds and
LAN interconnection.
FTAM
File transfer, Access and Manipulation. An alternative file transfer
protocol to FTP.
FTP
File Transfer Protocol, an Internet standard means of transferring
electronic files between computers.
High level technical options
transmission options which operate at a higher level than low
level technical options, e.g. EDIFACT, Warwick Framework, PICS,
RDM, Web Crawler, Search and Retrieve. The high level technical
options use one of the low level technical options as the underlying
transmission medium.
Home page
a World Wide Web page set up as an introductory page by an organisation
or individual.
HTML
Hypertext Mark-up Language. The standard language used for creating
Web documents.
HTTP
HyperText Transfer Protocol. The protocol used for communication
between Web clients and servers.
Hydrolysis
a chemical reaction activated by humidity
IAFA
Internet Anonymous FTP Archive.
IASA
International Association of Sound and Audiovisual Archives
ICA
International Council on Archives
IEEE
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
IETF
Internet Engineering Taskforce.
IFLA
International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions.
ILL
Inter-Library Loan.
indexing service
a secondary service providing access to primary sources through
the use of keywords appearing in metadata and/or full text.
Information
recorded data. Examples include: writing on a sheet of paper;
the dyes on a photographic still; the sound in the grooves of
a disc; the binary digits forming an E-Mail message.
Integrity Consultants
the preservation of programs and data for their intended purpose.
Internet
the world wide network of computer systems connected to each other.
Internet Publisher
an organisation or person who publishes documents on the Internet.
These will be on-line documents.
ISBD
International Standard Bibliographic Description. There are seven
specific ISBDs as well as the general ISBD -(G): monographs -(M),
serial publications -(S), cartographic material -(CM), non-book
material -(NBM), printed music -(PM), antiquarian publications
-(A), computer files -(CF).
ISDN
Integrated Services Digital Network. A data service which can
transmit both voice and data over a single line.
ISSN
International Standard Serial Number.
IT
Information technology.
Label
a PICS label, generated by a labelling service, contains a rating
of Internet material.
Labelling service within the PICS environment, a labelling service
generates ratings of Internet material. These ratings are contained
in PICS labels.
Legal Deposit
see Deposit of Publications.
Low Level Technical Options
generalised IT techniques for the transmission of data, e.g. e-mail,
file transfer, opto-magnetic media and World Wide Web.
MARC
MAchine Readable Cataloguing. A family of formats based on ISO
2709 for the exchange of bibliographic and other related information
in machine readable form. For example, USMARC and UNIMARC.
Medium (media)
A material or base on which information is stored or transmitted.
It may be a physical medium such as a gramophone record or a piece
of paper or be virtual (for example, a radio carrier signal).
Metadata
information about a publication as opposed to the content of the
publication; includes not only bibliographic description but also
other relevant information such as its subject, price, conditions
of use, etc.
MIME
multimedia mail enhancements to the Internet mail standard.
Monograph
a publication either complete in one part or complete, or intended
to be completed, in a finite number of separate parts. A non-serial
publication.
Multimedia
a publication in which images, sound and text are integrated.
National Bibliography
a listing of all national publications. May include all publications
produced in that country, or in the language of that country,
or sometimes about that country.
national character set
all of the numbers, letters and symbols associated with a given
language.
NBA
National Bibliographic Agency.
Non-repudiation
a security service which prevents the receiver of a message from
denying that the message had been received .
On-line publication
see On-line resource.
On-line resource
an on-line resource is an electronic document which is bibliographically
identifiable, which is stored in machine readable form on an electronic
storage medium and which is available on-line. For example - a
Web page.
Off-line publication
an off-line publication is an electronic document which is bibliographically
identifiable, which is stored in machine readable form on an electronic
storage medium. For example, a CD-ROM.
Opto-magnetic media
various media used for the physical exchange of electronic information
between IT systems, using postal or courier services.
Oxidation
traditionally defined as a chemical reaction in which oxygen combines
with another element to form an oxide. Today it is defined as
a chemical reaction in which one or more free electron are released.
Packaging level option
a high level technical option which structures the data according
to content.
Permanent paper
Paper manufactured to high standard for long-term survival good
condition under reasonable storage conditions. It must have good
resistance to internal and external chemical reactions, good mechanical
strength and be composed of only virgin, or un-recycled fibres
containing no lignin.
PICS
Platform for Internet Content Selection, an infrastructure for
associating labels with Internet content.
Photography
any method of producing an image by using the action of light
to change a chemical layer.
Plain text file
a human-readable file of data. The data may be structured in some
pre-defined format.
Preservation
the overall package of administrative and/or practical measures,
such as boxing, good housekeeping, careful handling and environmental
control, which ensure the survival of documents without specialist
intervention. Conservation and restoration procedures are part
of a preservation policy.
Print
a positive image on an opaque support. The image may be a photographic
still or produced from an engraved plate or similar master.
Private data networks
data networks owned by an organisation. The lines are rented from
carriers but switching equipment belongs to the organisation.
ps
postscript, a standard format for exchange of printable files.
Publications
documents containing either text or sound or images, or combinations
of these, packaged for wider distribution, whether off-line (e.g.
printed book, CD-ROM) or on-line (e.g. Web, database for information
retrieval).
Publisher
a person or organisation that produces documents and makes them
available. Newly emerging publishers may produce and distribute
documents electronically - for instance, on the Web.
Pull Model
when applied to a transfer of metadata between a Publisher and
an NBA, the pull model describes the scenario whereby the NBA
initiates the transfer by requesting or "pulling" data
to the NBA. Push Model
when applied to a transfer of metadata between a Publisher and
an NBA, the push model describes the scenario whereby the Publisher
initiates the transfer by providing or "pushing" data
to the NBA.
RAMP studies
Studies published by the Records and Archives Management Programme
of the General Information Programme of UNESCO.
RD
Resource Description. Consists of a URL and a number of value-attribute
pairs.
RDM
Resource Description Messages. A technique for encoding and transmitting
metadata relating to an Internet resource accessible via a URL.
RDM agent
generates Resource Descriptions (RD) based on the content of Internet
material.
RDM server
stores a collection of RDMs, to be accessed across the WWW.
Receiver authentication
a security service which guarantees that the recipient of a message
is the person to whom the message was addressed.
Record
see bibliographic record.
Record creation
the generation of bibliographic records by, for example, a bibliographic
agency.
Record supply
the transmission of previously generated bibliographic records.
Restoration
the process of restoring an object to a condition as close as
possible to that when it was first made.
RFC
Request For Comments, a method by which standards (sic) are proposed
and agreed, usually with reference to the Internet.
Search Service
an Internet service providing the means to search for electronic
resources by means of keywords.
Sender authentication
a security service which guarantees to a recipient of data that
the sender of the data is who he claims to be.
Serial
a publication in any medium issued in successive parts bearing
numeric or chronological designations and intended to be continued
indefinitely. Serials include periodicals; newspapers; annuals
(reports, yearbooks, etc.); the journals, memoirs, proceedings,
transactions, etc. of societies; and numbered monographic series.
Serial Contents Database
a database of the contents of journals, issue by issue.
SGML (ISO 8879)
Standard Generalised Mark-up Language. ISO standard for document
description, separating contents and structure.
SMPTE
Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers
SMTP
Simple Message Transfer Protocol. Internet e-mail standard.
SR
Search and Retrieve.
SSSH
Simplified SGML for Serials Headers.
Standard
1. a set of guidelines, usually drafted by experts in a particular
field of technology, that are issued for general use by national
and international standards organisations.
2. the format used to distribute a television signal. Examples
include NTSC, PAL, SECAM
Subject Gateway
an Internet service listing (usually) on-line resources for a
particular subject area. The resources included will have been
reviewed by subject specialists before inclusion.
Subscription Agent
a supplier of journals to libraries and other information agencies.
TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. The Internet
transport-level protocols, often used to refer to the entire collection
of Internet protocols.
Trade bibliographic agency
an agency providing bibliographic information to, and based on
input from, the book trade.
Transparency
a positive image on a transparent support.
Transport level technical option
see low level technical option.
URL
Uniform Resource Locator. The standard way to give the address
of a source of information on the WWW. It contains four different
parts: the protocol type, the machine name, the directory path
and the file name. For example: http://www2.echo.lu/libraries/en/libraries.html
VANS
Value added network services.
Voluntary Deposit
see Deposit of Publications.
Web crawler
a system which trawls the WWW, generating all-encompassing Web
indexes.
Web robot
see Web crawler.
Web site
used to refer to a single location on the World Wide Web, usually
on the same piece of hardware. Part of the Internet that stores
and gives access to documents using HTTP.
World Wide Web
the global set of Internet Web sites offering world wide access
to information using HTTP.
WWW
see World Wide Web.
X.25
a data service using packet switching techniques. The X.25 standard
is internationally recognised.
X.400
electronic mail standard developed by the public service providers
and the IT industry. An alternative to SMTP.
Z39.50
a network protocol which allows searching of (usually remote)
heterogeneous databases and retrieval of data, most often used
for retrieving bibliographic records.
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