Capacity divide and the commercialization of research. More than two-thirds of all academics in the 14 Southern African Development Community region (SADC) countries regularly engage in consultancy. One economics PhD out of three and almost one social science PhD out of five working in the United States was born abroad. An estimated average of 20 000 highly qualified professional left the African higher education system each year from 1990 onward for jobs in the United States, Europe, and even the Middle East and Australia.