UNESCO/Toson-Khulstai Biosphere Reserve
Frontenac Arch
General information
The Frontenac Arch Biosphere Reserve is situated in south-eastern Ontario at the intersection of terrestrial and riverine ecosystems. The area comprises islands and islets of the Saint Lawrence River, which function as important stepping stones for the migration of plants and animals. The Frontenac Arch is an important land bridge linking the habitats of the Algonquin and Adirondack Park regions.
Detailed information
Key data
Year of nomination
2002
Country
Canada
Total population
81079
Area
Surface
284.06 ha
Total terresterial area
284.06 ha
Location
Latitiude: 44.5327 - Longitude: -76.4853
Contact
Ecosystem-based network
EuroMAB
Ecological Characteristics
The Frontenac Arch is the name given to an ancient ridge of granite that sweeps across the Saint Lawrence River forming a corridor between the Canadian Shield and the Adirondack Mountains. Where the ridge intersects with the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence River it forms the Thousand Islands.The topography of the biosphere reserve is rugged, consisting of steep, rocky slopes and ridges, typical of the Precambrian Shield. These alternate with moist forest or wetland valleys inland, and rocky promontories in the Saint Lawrence River known as the Thousand Islands.First Nations call the Frontenac Arch the ‘backbone of the mother’– Mother Nature’s spinal column. Five separate forest regions meet at the crossroads of the Frontenac Arch and the Saint Lawrence River, creating a rich ecosystem of plant, insect and animal species, renowned as the most biodiverse region in Canada. It has a long and rich cultural heritage and serves as the gateway through which the Saint Lawrence River flows into Canada.Characteristic species of the area include the pitch pine (Pinus rigada), the black rat snake (Elaphe obsoleta obsolete) – Canada’s largest reptile and a threatened species, the least bittern heron (Ixobrychus exilis) – the smallest member of the heron family and listed as a species of special concern, the great blue heron (Ardea Herodias), the osprey (Pandion haliaetus), the common loon (Gavia immer), the bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and the pine warbler (Dendroica pinus).
Socio-Economics Characteristics
The main traditional industry in the inland part of the biosphere reserve is agriculture. Other main economic activities include fishing, forestry and mining. Water-oriented recreation and tourism are major economic sectors in shoreline communities along the Saint Lawrence River, the Rideau Canal and Charleston Lake.The Thousand Islands, the Frontenac Arch region and the Saint Lawrence River have a long history of human habitation. Archaeological sites found in the Thousand Islands indicate that people visited the area as early as 7,000 years ago, and that Laurentian and Point Peninsula cultures used the area as hunting and fishing grounds.
